Ideal for a wide variety of home and commercial applications, alloys 304l exhibits excellent corrosion resistance and has a high ease of fabrication, outstanding. Stress corrosion cracking of sensitized type 304 stainless. In some instances type 304 can be used in the aswelded condition. Despite the mentioned studies, there is limited work investigating the scc behavior of stainless steels in amine solution. Effect of strainpath on stress corrosion cracking of aisi 304l. The molybdenum added to 316 stainless increases the corrosion resistance to chlorides like sea water and deicing salts. Stress corrosion testing of type 304 stainless steel in boiling mgcl 2 at 416k revealed that cracks occurred radially for a circumferential residual stress and circumferentially for a radial residual. Past researched about scc of 310s primarily focus on the corrosion mechanism and influence of temperature and. Stress corrosion cracking of a 304 stainless steel elbow. Their chemical composition, mechanical properties, weldability and corrosionoxidation resistance provide the best allround performance stainless. Chloride stress corrosion cracking in austenitic stainless steel is characterized by the multibranched lightning bolt transgranular crack. Stainless steel for hardness and corrosion resistance. Characterised by high corrosion resistance in general atmospheric corrosive environments it exhibits excellent resistance to most oxidizing agents, general foodstuffs, sterilizing solutions. Stress corrosion cracking of type 304 stainless steel.
Pitting or crevice corrosion can occur on most stainless steel grades. Type 304 has good processability, weldability, corrosion resistance, heat resistance, low. Stress corrosion cracking of type aisi 304 stainless steel at room. It is an austenitic, corrosion resistant steel with excellent strength, toughness, fabrication characteristics and weldability. Selecting the right stainless steel for your application can be perplexing. S torchio, stress corrosion cracking of type aisi 304 stainless steel at room. Type 304 alloys are all modications of the 18% chromium, 8% nickel austenitic alloy. Normally 50 deg c but can occur at lower temperatures around 25 deg c in specific environments, notably swimming pools. Pitting corrosion has been reported from household bleach spills on stainless steel 304 type sinks in domestic environments. Chloride stress corrosion cracking in austenitic stainless steel. Therefore, this study investigates corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of type 304 and 316 stainless steel amdea solution at different temperatures and concentrations.
A great concern for the longterm integrity of canisters located near the coastline is chlorideinduced stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels 3,4,5. Corrosion and stress corrosion cracking initiation of. Stress corrosion crack initiation in machined type 316l. Type 316 is an austenitic chromiumnickel stainless and heatresisting steel with superior corrosion resistance as compared to other chromiumnickel steels when. Arii 1980, chloride stress corrosion cracking of aisi 304 stainless steel in air. Stress corrosion cracking, austenitic stainless steel, primary water. Since scc of unsensitized austenitic stainless steels does not normally. Scc is often associated with chlorides, but can also occur with caustics and other corrosive media. Its chemical composition, mechanical properties, weldability and ncorrosionoxidation resistance provide the best allround performance stainless steel at relatively low cost. Stress corrosion cracking of sensitized type 304 stainless steel in high temperature chloride solutions l. Fitzpatrick plant licensee event report 87003 identifies broken bolts from the high pressure coolant injection hpci terry turbine throttle valve lifting beam. Pdf in this study, stress corrosion cracking scc occuring under salt crust whichdevelops on the surfaces of hot aisi 304 stainless steels ss in.
Stainless steel 304 has excellent corrosion resistance in a wide variety of environments and when in contact with different corrosive media. Grade 304 is the most commonly used stainless steel. The stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of aisi types 304 and 316 ss tubes with different heat treatments were investigated in lithiated water at 350c. This new second edition serves as a goto reference on the complex subject of stress corrosion cracking scc, offering information to help metallurgists, materials scientists, and designers determine whether scc will be an issue for their design or application. The lower carbon content minimizes chromium carbide precipitation due to welding and its susceptibility to intergranular corrosion. Type 321 stainless steel offers higher creep and stress rupture properties than type 304 and, particularly, type 304l which might also be considered for exposures where sensitization and intergranular corrosion are concerns. Type 304 has good processability, weldability, corrosion resistance, heat. The earliest incidents of irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking iascc in bwrs occurred during the early 1960s and were associated with cracking of type 304 stainless steel fuel cladding, where the driving forces for cracking were the increasing tensile hoop stress in the cladding due to the swelling fuel and the highly oxidizing. Why are austenitic stainless steels more susceptible to chloride. Deterioration by clscc can lead to failures that have the potential to release stored energy andor hazardous substances. It has good drawability the combination of low yield strength and high elongation permits fabrication into complex shapes. Stainless steels stainless 304 properties, fabrication.
With regard to the safe temperature for carbon steel, the reader should look at the curve in figure 1. Summary of available data for estimating chlorideinduced scc. Scc is highly chemically specific in that certain alloys are likely to undergo scc only when exposed to a small number of chemical environments. Stainless steel is widely used in the manufacture of biogas power generation plants, it is a corrosion resistant material with good toughness, ductility. Aisi 304 grade stainless steel uns s30400 aisi 304 stainless steel uns s30400 is the most commonly used material in stainless steels, and is usually purchased in an annealed or cold worked state. Stress corrosion cracking scc is a common issue with many specialty alloys. The bolts of type 410 stainless steel with hardness in the upper rc30 range failed from intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Here we tell you differences between various stainless steel alloy. Resistance to food service requirements and atmospheric corrosion is excellent. Duplex stainless steel improved corrosion and more importantly, stress corrosion cracking resistance higher strength and hardness. Pdf stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless.
The effect of machining on stress corrosion crack initiation of annealed type 316l stainless steel was investigated through accelerated testing in hightemperature hydrogenated water. The influence of chloride concentration and acidity on the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking s. Stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of 304l substrate. Corrosion resistance type 301 stainless steel exhibits corrosion resistance comparable to types 302 and 304 in most mild service conditions.
Grade 304 stainless steel is the most versatile and the most widely used of all stainless steels. Wire, small bars and small strip dimensions are available. Pitting and stress corrosion cracking behavior of austenitic stainless steel. Chlorides can cause pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. I am discussing the replacement of an aisi 304 component with aisi 430 after the. Solution annealed asss, essentially of type aisi 304l and aisi 316l, are. However, 304 stainless does not perform well in highsaline environments. Residual stress is produced by initial metal forming and welding operations although a good welding procedure will avoid this problem by properly annealing the heated area.
Stress corrosion crackingscc is the main corrosion failure mode for 310s stainless steel. It has been shown that for stainless steels, an increase in hardness results in a greater possibility for scc 18. Pdf the corrosion of austenitic 304 stainless steel in. Effects of temperature and pressure on stress corrosion. Chloride stress corrosion cracking the greatest corrosion advantage for duplex stainless steels is their improved resistance. Ricker, national institute of standards and technology stresscorrosion cracking scc is a term used to describe service failures in engineering materials that occur by slow, environmentally induced crack propagation. Chloride stress corrosion cracking in austenitic stainless. Type 304, with its chromiumnickel content and low carbon, is the most versatile and widely used of the austenitic stainless steels. Stress corrosion cracking scc is the growth of crack formation in a corrosive environment. Because ss 304 contains 18% chromium cr and 8% nickel ni, its also known as 188 stainless steel. Near the edge of sensitized specimens with residual stress, slight intergranular cracking occurred after 783 hours in pure water containing 8 ppm dissolved oxygen at 561k, although intergranular cracking of the specimen without residual stress in this water occurred easily under slow. While the surveyed studies all explore scc of austenitic stainless steels.
The most common type of stress corrosion cracking in stainless steels occurs in chloride environments, which will be the focus of this discussion. Transgranular stress corrosion cracking of 304l stainless. Duplex grades are usually divided into three subgroups based on their corrosion resistance. Marine atmospheric scc of unsensitized stainless steel rock. Its duplex microstructure and low nickel and high chromium contents also allows duplex 2304 to demonstrate improved stress corrosion resistant properties compared to 304 and 316. The micrograph on the left x300 illustrates scc in a 316 stainless steel chemical processing piping system. It has general corrosion resistance similar or better than alloys 304l and 316l but with yield strength nearly double that of austenitic stainless steels. Types 304, 304l and 304h are the most versatile and widely used of all the stainless steels. Stress corrosion cracking of aisi 304 and 316 stainless steels in. Webcorr provides corrosion consultancy services, corrosion expert witness and corrosion short courses for inhouse training, online and distance learning. Design guidelines for the selection and use of stainless steel nidl distributed by. Inhibition of stress corrosion cracking of aisi 304 stainless steel by. This provides improved fatigue and wear resistance higher tensile and yield strength compared to the austenitics translates into thinner walls and less weight which can offset the cost to some extent.
It can lead to unexpected sudden failure of normally ductile metal alloys subjected to a tensile stress, especially at elevated temperature. Effect of cold work hardening on stress corrosion cracking of. Stainless steel grade 304 cs 304 304l technical data. Slow strain rate tests were conducted on an austenitic stainless steel ss aisi 304l in pwr environment 360c. It is the standard 188 stainless that is commonly found in pans and cooking tools. Stress corrosion testing of type 304 stainless steel in boiling mgcl 2 at 416k revealed that cracks occurred radially for a circumferential residual stress and circumferentially for a radial residual stress.
Type 304 stainless steel an overview sciencedirect topics. It has excellent forming and welding characteristics. Sour service limits of dualcertified 316316l steel twi. Aisi 304 stainless steel ss is one of the candidate materials used for dry storage canisters of spent nuclear fuel as an interim storage measure before final disposal 1,2. The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking scc of a sensitized, wrought type 304 uns s30400 stainless steel ss was assessed using the slow strain rate test ssrt technique under applied potential control. Chloride stress corrosion cracking clscc is one the most common reasons.
Pitting and crevice corrosion can occur in environments containing chlorides. Stress corrosion cracking of duplex stainless steel scc stress corrosion cracking is a form of corrosion which occurs with a particular combination of factors. Stress corrosion cracking scc of duplex stainless steel. The final, definitive version of this document can be found online at.
Their mixed microstructure provides improved resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking in comparison to austenitic stainless steel types 304 and 316. It has much less toughness than annealed 304 but it is right up there with the other hard stainless steel tube. Hard worked 304 high hardness and strength with pretty good corrosion resistance are available in heavily cold worked type 304. There is an additional risk of stress corrosion cracking scc at higher temperatures. The earliest incidents of irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking iascc in bwrs occurred during the early 1960s and were associated with cracking of type 304 stainless steel fuel cladding, where the driving forces for cracking were the increasing tensile hoop stress in the cladding due to the swelling fuel and the highly oxidizing conditions in the water. Stainless steels are more resistant to general corrosion compared with carbon steel. Alloys 304l is the most versatile and widely used alloy in the stainless steel family. Type 321 stainless steel s also advantageous for high temperature service because of its good mechanical properties. Hope help you to select the most appropriate material for specific application.
1066 782 364 1498 1357 577 110 1458 699 93 764 1592 1639 611 1382 229 1618 522 1539 309 1541 1482 608 1550 917 974 814 463 1049 1100 294 1411 1427 1185 1340 152 983 267 395 1201